tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22199373910254767602024-03-21T20:08:35.695-07:00HEROINFranco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-72752274397649731932014-05-17T23:20:00.002-07:002014-05-20T04:16:41.932-07:00Confirmatory Testing: Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry<img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/GCMS_closed.jpg" height="492" width="640" /><br />
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Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) is a combination of two techniques: Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. It uses internal standards and provides identification and quantification of drugs and serves as the gold standard in the confirming the abuse of prohibited drugs such as heroin.</div>
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<b>PRINCIPLE</b></h3>
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<i>Gas Chromatography</i></h4>
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Gas Chromatography is a technique used to separate the drugs that may be present in the patient's sample. The chromatography column is a long tubular column where the sample is injected and is swept through the column by means of a gas such as helium. Drugs present are separated from one another since some drugs take longer to pass as compared with others. The chemical characteristics of drugs the time it takes for the drug to travel through the chromatography column. This is referred to as the <b>retention time </b>which is an identifying characteristic of the drug.</div>
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<i>Mass Spectrometry</i></h4>
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Mass Spectrometry is the detector of Gas Chromatography. When the drug exits from the GC column, it is separated via <b>ionization. </b>The fragments are sorted by mass forming a <b>fragmentation pattern </b>which is also an identifying characteristic of a drug which is said to be as unique as a fingerprint.</div>
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<i>Internal Standard</i></h4>
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This standard is a deuterated version of the drug being tested and has similar characteristics with the one that is being tested. A precise amount is added before preparation so that the IS is prepared and analyzed similarly with the drug assayed. Quantification of the drug and qualification of the assay is done by comparing the signals produced by the internal standard with the signals produced of the drug being tested. The deuterated drug is made by substituting one or more hydrogen atoms with a deuterium atom. It exhibits similar characteristics as the non-deuterated drug but can be differentiated by the detection of the fragment mass.</div>
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Drugs are identified by the combination of its retention time by means of gas chromatography, fragmentation by means of mass spectrometry and specific information due to the presence of the IS</div>
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Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-56723821406524520292014-05-11T16:31:00.000-07:002014-05-20T07:18:55.232-07:00REFERENCES<u><br />
</u> <u><br />
</u> <u>Heroin and Your Veins: The Incredibly Disgusting Story (Cobb, A.)</u><br />
<u><br />
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</u> <u>A Health Educator’s Guide to Understanding Drugs of Abuse Testing (Dasgupta, A.)</u><br />
<u><br />
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</u> <u>Evaluation of Saliva/Oral Fluid as an Alternate Drug Testing Specimen (Crouch et al.)</u><br />
<u><br />
</u> <u><br />
</u> <u>DRUG TESTS: THEIR USES AND LIMITATIONS (Tam Wai Ming)</u><br />
<u><br />
</u> <u>URINALYSIS AND BODY FLUID (STRASINGER)</u><br />
<u><br />
</u> <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/bitter-harvest/from-poppy-to-heroin/step-1-planting-opium-poppy/3168/">http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/bitter-harvest/from-poppy-to-heroin/step-1-planting-opium-poppy/3168/</a></span><br />
<u><br />
</u> <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.streetdrugs.org/html%20files/Heroin.html">http://www.streetdrugs.org/html%20files/Heroin.html</a></span><br />
<u><br />
</u> <u><br />
</u> <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.buzzle.com/articles/saliva-drug-test-facts.html">http://www.buzzle.com/articles/saliva-drug-test-facts.html</a></span><br />
<u><br />
</u> <u><br />
</u> <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-hair-drug-test.html">http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-about-hair-drug-test.html</a></span><br />
<u><br />
</u> <u><br />
</u> <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.buzzle.com/articles/hair-drug-testing-facts.html">http://www.buzzle.com/articles/hair-drug-testing-facts.html</a></span><br />
<u><br />
</u> <u><br />
</u> <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://kidshealth.org/kid/grow/drugs_alcohol/know_drugs_heroin.html">http://kidshealth.org/kid/grow/drugs_alcohol/know_drugs_heroin.html</a></span><br />
<u><br />
</u> <u><br />
</u> <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.drugpolicy.org/drug-facts/heroin-facts">http://www.drugpolicy.org/drug-facts/heroin-facts</a></span><br />
<u><br />
</u> <u><br />
</u> <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.drugfree.org/drug-guide/heroin">http://www.drugfree.org/drug-guide/heroin</a></span><br />
<u><br />
</u> <u><br />
</u> <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/heroin.html">http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/heroin.html</a></span><br />
<u><br />
</u> <span style="color: black;"><a href="http://www.accubiotech.com/templates/T_yestem_News/index.aspx?nodeid=49&page=ContentPage&contentid=212#3">http://www.accubiotech.com/templates/T_yestem_News/index.aspx?nodeid=49&page=ContentPage&contentid=212#3</a></span><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_971549749"><u><br />
</u></a> <a href="http://www.cumberlandheights.org/addiction/heroin_recovery.aspx"><u>http://www.cumberlandheights.org/addiction/heroin_recovery.aspx</u></a><br />
<u><br />
</u><a href="http://www.meditests.com/urdrugofabte2.html" target="_blank">http://www.meditests.com/urdrugofabte2.html</a><br />
<u><br />
</u><a href="http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/heroin/international-statistics.html" target="_blank">http://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/heroin/international-statistics.html</a><br />
<u><br />
</u><a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003578.htm" target="_blank">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003578.htm</a><br />
<u><br />
</u><a href="http://www.norchemlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Principle-of-GCMS.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.norchemlab.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Principle-of-GCMS.pdf</a>Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-67104224011742970102014-05-11T16:30:00.003-07:002014-05-20T04:16:41.930-07:00Heroin Withdrawal and Treatment<a href="http://0.tqn.com/d/addictions/1/0/5/3/-/-/BC5544-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://0.tqn.com/d/addictions/1/0/5/3/-/-/BC5544-001.jpg" height="260" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><br />
<b style="text-align: center;"> HEROIN WITHDRAWAL</b><br />
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Withdrawal from heroin abuse may cause abrupt withdrawal symptoms to the user causing him/her great discomfort. The first step in heroin addiction is detoxification. However, detox alone cannot completely treat heroin addiction. Sudden withdrawal from this addictive drug can be fatal for heavily dependent users who are in poor health.</div>
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<a href="http://addictionblog.org/cherrycake/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Heroin-withdrawal-side-effects2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://addictionblog.org/cherrycake/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Heroin-withdrawal-side-effects2.jpg" height="212" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS</b></div>
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When an addict stops heroin use, this drug will no longer act as an opiod receptor in the central nervous system. The body then tries to normalize brain function. Prolonged heroin use causes the body to become dependent to it and adapts to its presence. When heroin is suddenly reduced, withdrawal symptoms occur. Therefore, the more heroin is taken, worse withdrawal symptoms occur. Detoxification from heroin will make the body think that it is not working properly since it has already adapted to its presence which is why heroin withdrawal is difficult.<br />
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After 6-24 hours of not using heroin, withdrawal symptoms occur.These symptoms may include inner restlessness, chills, constipation, fever, malaise, nausea, and vomiting. Latent withdrawal symptoms include abnormal cramps, diarrhea, dilated pupils, disturbed sleep, depression and drug cravings. These symptoms will only subside a week after the last heroin use.</div>
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<b>TREATMENT</b></div>
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<a href="http://www.inspirationsyouth.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/methadone_tablets__i2005e0739_disp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.inspirationsyouth.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/methadone_tablets__i2005e0739_disp.jpg" height="160" width="200" /></a><b><br /></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.pcc.edu/programs/alcohol-counseling/images/DSC_0394.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.pcc.edu/programs/alcohol-counseling/images/DSC_0394.jpg" height="135" width="200" /></a></div>
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Pharmaceutical therapy is also one option for treatment. This is done with the use of synthetic drugs such as methadone or buprenorphine which block the effects of heroin. </div>
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Pharmaceutical therapy combined with rehabilitation programs is an effective means of treating a heroin addict. These may include family counseling, group therapy, 12-step program meetings, relapse prevention and aftercare programs. Persistent monitoring of heroin withdrawal and supportive care are important in preventing relapse.</div>
Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-52988240558157228582014-05-11T16:30:00.002-07:002014-05-20T04:16:41.923-07:00Hair Follicle Testing<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.corragroup.com/images/hair_follicle_test.png" height="320" width="197" /> <img src="http://www.actesting.com/Hair-Drug-Testing/Hair-Drug-Testing-1.jpg" height="320" width="200" /> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metabolites or
circulating drugs may be detected in hair. First, these are deposited in the
hair follicle and as the hair grows out, the metabolites will get trapped on
the hair shaft and then in the keratin matrix. Drugs may also enter the hair
through sweat, oil or the external environment. A 3-cm hair specimen may be
able to indicate whether or not the person has been abusing drugs in the past 3
months. It is recommended that the hair specimen must be approximately 1.5 inches
for drug abuse testing. When a person takes a drug, it takes approximately 4 to
5 days for the affected shaft to grow. However, there are a lot of factors that
may affect the levels of the drug incorporated in a person’s hair. This means
that high levels do not necessarily mean a more frequent drug abuse. It was demonstrated by Rothe et al that the doses of administered heroin and the measured concentration of opiates from the hair specimen were not correlated. The drug purity, metabolism, frequency of abuse and hair color are the factors that may affect the drug or metabolite amount incorporated in hair.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Natural hair color is
an important factor in evaluating drug concentration. Drugs or metabolites are
less incorporated in white fibers as compared with the pigmented ones. Melanin
contains eumelanin which is accountable for hair with the colors black or brown
whereas pheomelanin is responsible for red-colored hair. Drugs tend to bind
less to pheomelanin than in eumelanin. Low abuse of drugs might not be detected
in treated hair (e.g. bleached, permed or dyed). However, it can be detected in
regular drug abuse but with reduced concentrations. Bleached or
chemically-treated hair is more at risk to environmental drug uptake. Drugs
already incorporated in hair are less removed in shampooing but this is
effective in removing drugs absorbed from the environment. In hair follicle drug testing, heroin abuse can be detected as long as 90 days prior to testing.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>COLLECTION AND TESTING</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hair sample is obtained
and tested under the guidelines of the Society of Hair Testing. First, hair is
thoroughly washed with the use of an organic solvent and with water
subsequently. The washes can also be tested for the presence of the drug and
its metabolites. After washing, the hair is cut into pieces and a small part is
to be tested using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).</span></div>
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Quantity
of hair needed</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For this test, approximately
50 to 80 strands (45 mg) of hair are needed. There is slight variation due to
hair color, thickness and texture. Samples obtained directly from hair comb or
brush may not be used as samples should be taken live from the patient by
cutting the hair strand as close to the scalp as possible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><b>ADVANTAGES</b></span></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hair follicle testing is reliable and
accurate. It is considered to be better than urine testing as some drugs and
their metabolites are easily flushed out of the bloodstream (3-7 days) whereas
drugs trapped in the hair follicle for months to years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It provides complementary information about
the long-term drug abuse history of the patient.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Collection is non-invasive and the drugs
incorporated in the hair have longer stability and they are bound for a long
time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some people try to avoid hair follicle
drug testing by going bald but avoidance is not possible since body hair can be
used as a specimen as well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The minimum concentration of metabolites
that can be detected in hair follicle testing is low. Opiates trapped in hair
with a concentration of only 100 pg/mg can be detected by using this test.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It can detect the following drugs: Cocaine
(Cocaine & Benzoylecgonine), Marijuana, Opiates (Codeine, Morphine &
6-Monacteyl Morphine), Methamphetamine (Methamphetamine/Amphetamine &
Ecstasy), and Phencyclidine (PCP).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><b>DISADVANTAGES</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Costly and time-consuming (minimum of 1
month)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It should be performed inside the
laboratory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are no available on-site testing
kits<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It cannot detect very recent drug abuse
(1 to 7 days before testing)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Fimg%2FarticleImages%2F306080-54410-59.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEjlYbNaupx2DSPeW5wEz-tnndJb-ypFPWkv2UCECSiZxwNaEmEF0W_1hGZnsRfRsWJx8npW4FQXRH8EuWUTd1wzFgbqjupj2WeaqFsMJQ7Z6k2GSkFWqEqtv_Fz48Xr_UhYLzgJ-rUmwuybXNjZPctl1ThLxnf7FLQ2u14=" -->Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-60993874759324275522014-05-11T16:30:00.001-07:002014-05-20T04:16:41.927-07:00Oral Fluid Testing<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh80W_QaIJa_BEIoyyDDK-w2kfFgmbGqTxOnkgXR12TyUQCDWM4IkT4pBbf5J4kkbv4uSyO1x3Wf06mbBVmK5NYe6-M1rIkB9oGLPut47znSUC3aIj-wRoZLy5uDxuwqjtyreMbFCK0oY_/s1600/f26-4a_salivary_glands_c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh80W_QaIJa_BEIoyyDDK-w2kfFgmbGqTxOnkgXR12TyUQCDWM4IkT4pBbf5J4kkbv4uSyO1x3Wf06mbBVmK5NYe6-M1rIkB9oGLPut47znSUC3aIj-wRoZLy5uDxuwqjtyreMbFCK0oY_/s1600/f26-4a_salivary_glands_c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh80W_QaIJa_BEIoyyDDK-w2kfFgmbGqTxOnkgXR12TyUQCDWM4IkT4pBbf5J4kkbv4uSyO1x3Wf06mbBVmK5NYe6-M1rIkB9oGLPut47znSUC3aIj-wRoZLy5uDxuwqjtyreMbFCK0oY_/s400/f26-4a_salivary_glands_c.jpg" height="275" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Drug abuse testing may
be performed using saliva as the specimen. Mixed saliva or “oral fluid” comes
from the salivary glands, oral mucosa and gingival cervices. Drugs from the
blood are transported to the saliva by means of passive diffusion. Within just
a few minutes, the drugs and metabolites present in plasma are distributed to
the salivary glands and are diffused into the saliva after parenteral administration.
Therefore, the concentration of the drug in the saliva is correlated with the
drug concentration in blood. Saliva is capable of retaining trace amounts of drugs
and its metabolites for about 24-36 hours. However, Alain Verstraete from Yale University had reported that upon consumption of opiates, it only takes about 5 hours up to 48 hours for it to become undetectable in saliva. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">SPECIMEN COLLECTION</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Collection of
saliva/oral fluid is quick, easy and non-invasive. It does not require the
presence of medically-trained personnel and it can also be tested at the
collection site such as in point-of-care devices. There are several methods in
which saliva can be collected.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">1. Unstimulated Collection</span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Draining Method</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img src="http://thelowpricepharmacy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/saliva-test-967x1024.jpg" height="200" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="187" /></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Performed by letting the saliva drip from the
mouth freely into the specimen container</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">2. Stimulated Collection</span></div>
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</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Without the use of an external stimulus</span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/human-being/sense-organs/smell-taste/mouth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/human-being/sense-organs/smell-taste/mouth.jpg" height="278" width="400" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tongue, cheek or lip movements</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Chemical Methods</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.redmondmolloy.ie/Portals/73112/images/chewing-gum3972.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.redmondmolloy.ie/Portals/73112/images/chewing-gum3972.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a><a href="http://www.gumbase.com/contents/instance3/files/photo/397_13_confectionery.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.gumbase.com/contents/instance3/files/photo/397_13_confectionery.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Performed by chewing paraffin wax, gum base or
chewing gum</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Lemon drop or Citric acid</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.artfire.com/uploads/product/1/51/32051/5232051/5232051/large/lemon_drop_face_grains_wash_291a408f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="http://www.artfire.com/uploads/product/1/51/32051/5232051/5232051/large/lemon_drop_face_grains_wash_291a408f.jpg" height="308" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A lemon drop is placed in the mouth to serve as
a gustatory stimulus for the production of saliva</span></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></span></u></div>
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<a href="http://dcoptimalhealth.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/hormone-saliva-test-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="http://dcoptimalhealth.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/hormone-saliva-test-2.jpg" height="132" width="200" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhieNBx1nD8fx-F4M0RUZGMMPra8qM8bTTkL8QHYwpoMG1S44sjfW0FhQsd5Plzbjn9Z673tWtarXQ8FolatO8LMd5PzvL_W1_S8EdnD-2b2zHu8LSLQi8b1OgsQ4CADjNWTuxsfe9ONIHm/s1600/cotton-balls.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhieNBx1nD8fx-F4M0RUZGMMPra8qM8bTTkL8QHYwpoMG1S44sjfW0FhQsd5Plzbjn9Z673tWtarXQ8FolatO8LMd5PzvL_W1_S8EdnD-2b2zHu8LSLQi8b1OgsQ4CADjNWTuxsfe9ONIHm/s200/cotton-balls.jpg" height="165" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><u><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Disadvantages of stimulated saliva production</span></b></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The use of parafilm may produce erroneous results since this absorbs some drugs. This may also interfere with chromatographic analyses producing inaccurate results.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The use of citric acid may alter saliva pH and its drug concentration.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The use of cotton balls may also change immunoassay results.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: inherit;">Collection</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">After stimulation,
saliva can be spit, swabbed, or suctioned from the mouth. Collection may also
be performed by using absorbent materials (e.g. cotton balls). Saliva will be
extracted from the absorbent material via centrifugation or pressure
application.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>TESTING</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<img src="http://www.andatech.com.au/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/320x/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/d/r/drug-testing-kit-ora-check-5-photo_1.jpg" height="200" width="200" /> <img height="200" src="https://www.drugtest.com.au/shop/components/com_virtuemart/shop_image/product/Saliva_Drug_Test_4eaa3ba95e23d.jpg" width="68" /> <img src="http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/public/news/sca2.jpg" height="211" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saliva
drug testing kits</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Principle: </b>Competitive
Binding Prinicple<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The test device
contains an absorbent pad wherein the sample that contains the drugs and its
metabolites compete with the drug conjugate that is immobilized on a porous
membrane for limited antibody sites. As the sample flows through the absorbent
pad, the free drug that is contained in the saliva binds with the labeled
antibody-dye conjugate now forming an antibody-antigen complex. This complex
competes with the immobilized antigen conjugate located in the “test” zone and
will not produce a colored band when the drug exceeds the detection level. A
colored band is formed in the “control zone” when the unbound dye conjugate
binds with the reagent indicating that the device is functioning properly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Procedure:</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Strip Test</i></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrI251m_HjCknvzWdN9C6LC2H2w2VInOgvAU2VIet6W9X9nxGs63r3jKthG7kU2mcD8sskxiu1-OSDWJuqD6E67FYbFjvN4ubkb82xB_H0YFq1uoxvvpNZE-MD2arFxGSwmbM5iITEaT0/s1600/h1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrI251m_HjCknvzWdN9C6LC2H2w2VInOgvAU2VIet6W9X9nxGs63r3jKthG7kU2mcD8sskxiu1-OSDWJuqD6E67FYbFjvN4ubkb82xB_H0YFq1uoxvvpNZE-MD2arFxGSwmbM5iITEaT0/s1600/h1.png" height="260" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Bring both the kit
and specimen at room temperature.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Remove test strip
from the pouch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Dip the strip into
the container with the arrows pointing towards it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. The saliva should
exactly reach the maximum line (no more, no less).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Hold the saliva
until a reddish color is seen at the lower edge of the strip (approximately 10
seconds).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Withdraw the strip
and place on a clean, dry surface facing up.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Read results within
the span of time indicated in test pack.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i>Cassette test</i><u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil3P-Gf9L6XEAVMh1LrzqY4pqKo1J0tkAwfNTLxbP2hNi2RFIgbJfPYPfCVBr5psi23k0TEHXBD3Sw65pdFErJ5LETUtJPlkxRBnS9soynCxUdX-fCE2D2UF7djuTIQaE3OPD_na-pucg/s1600/h1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil3P-Gf9L6XEAVMh1LrzqY4pqKo1J0tkAwfNTLxbP2hNi2RFIgbJfPYPfCVBr5psi23k0TEHXBD3Sw65pdFErJ5LETUtJPlkxRBnS9soynCxUdX-fCE2D2UF7djuTIQaE3OPD_na-pucg/s1600/h1.png" height="267" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Bring the test kit
and specimen in room temperature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Remove cassette from
the pouch.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Place kit on a flat,
dry surface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Use the dropper to
dispense 3 drops of saliva into the sample well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Start timing and
read results within the span of time indicated in the test pack.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Interpretation of Results:</b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Positive – presence of
only one (1) colored band in the “control” zone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Negative – two (2) colored
bands, one in the “control” zone and one in the “test” zone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Invalid result – no
colored band formation in the “control zone”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>ADVANTAGES</b></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cheap cost and convenient<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Results may be interpreted immediately
(approximately 5 to 15 minutes).<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Donor-friendly and ease of collection<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It can detect 8 different drugs up to 5
or 6 types at a time.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mouth swab testing is the best method in
detecting recent drug abuse.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It does not require medically-trained
personnel for its performance.<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><b>DISADVANTAGES</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This method is not approved by the Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) for use in Federal
Mandated Drug Testing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most drugs do not remain present in the
person’s saliva and may not be detected after 12-24 hours of consumption.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is less sensitive in detecting THC
and Cannabinoids.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">More expensive than urine testing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">False positive results may be seen in
patients taking in medicines such as Ibuprofen, Motrin, and Advil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Inferior compared with hair follicle
drug testing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Detox drinks and smoking are very
effective in masking the presence of the drug and its metabolites in saliva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-40101222552465559942014-05-11T16:30:00.000-07:002014-05-20T04:16:41.918-07:00Blood Testing<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img src="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/site_furniture/2009/02/25/blood-tests-page.jpg" height="192" width="320" /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
Aside from urine as the widely used specimen of choice for testing of heroin, blood can also be used in heroin determination because as it may not stay that long in the blood long as in urine, it will rather give a good correlation between the level of drug and its pharmacologic deficiency in the body. Heroin stays in the blood up to 6hours.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Sample collection: A finger prick can be enough to use as a specimen sample but venipuncture may also be possible when further tests are needed. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Blood Drug Testing kits</div>
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Principle: The principle of blood testing in Heroin is much similar to the principle used in urine and oral fluid. The test device kit uses competitive binding immunoassay where competition happens with the drug and/or drug metabolites compete with the immobilized drug conjugate having limited antibody sites. The blood sample then binds with the labelled antibody-dye conjugate to form an antigen-antibody complex. Since there is an antigen-antibody complex, when it reach the test zone it will not produce any colored band when it exceeds the detection level. Continuing to the control zone, the unbound dye conjugate binds with the reagent giving a colored band indicating the validity of the test kit. </div>
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Interpretation of results:</div>
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Positive: Presence of colored band in the control zone and none in the test zone</div>
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Negative: Presence of colored band for both test and control zone</div>
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Invalid: Absence of colored band in the control zone even with or without the colored band in the test zone. Repetition of test is recommended.</div>
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Advantages: </div>
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- blood specimen will help detect particular amount or level of Heroin</div>
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- it serves as a specimen for early detection unlike others</div>
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Disadvantages: </div>
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- since Heroin can only be detected within 6hours in the blood, blood as a specimen of choice will give a false negative result if tested further time. </div>
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Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-3024811385377833962014-05-11T16:28:00.000-07:002014-05-20T04:16:41.910-07:00Urine Testing<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi49sNluhYBhbStcK-MGWZT7xnYAi3fnW7QvuuxUStglYWCg8_SOxbxX210tNGPwaI2DyjgHmwYoF0QwGXHLGafBraOtByp4qvGRj0KLV3QkuSw3XpD6wodwAxVy68ovSJS1AShz0L6Vog/s1600/9-panel-drug-test_0_0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi49sNluhYBhbStcK-MGWZT7xnYAi3fnW7QvuuxUStglYWCg8_SOxbxX210tNGPwaI2DyjgHmwYoF0QwGXHLGafBraOtByp4qvGRj0KLV3QkuSw3XpD6wodwAxVy68ovSJS1AShz0L6Vog/s1600/9-panel-drug-test_0_0.jpg" height="242" width="320" /></a></div>
Urine is the most widely used specimen for drugs of abuse testing because of the advantages of large specimen volume and relatively high drug concentrations that render drug detection comparatively easier than in other specimens. Drugs in urine are detectable by standard drug test on urine between 1-3days. Urine sample of individual is under tightly controlled condition.<br />
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The person will likely be asked to go to a testing facility where he or she will need to remove street clothing and put on a hospital gown. This ensures that a clean sample from someone else is not removed in to the testing center and substituted fort the subject's urine.<br />
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Once they changed into the gown, he or she is accompanied to the testing area. This is a washroom where the water in the toilet tank has been dyed so that an attempt to water down the sample by adding toilet water will be quite obvious. The water supply at the sink will have been shut off so that a person will not intended to use that source of liquid to alter the sample. A staff member will be waiting nearby to take the sample once it has been provided. The standard protocol is to test it to confirm that the temperature is consistent with normal body temperature.<br />
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A negative reading on drug test doesn’t mean that there is no presence of heroin in the body. According to Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Program, it simply means that sample taken didn't record a level higher than the threshold.<br />
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<br />
The cutoff value is 2000 nanograms per milliliter. It is usually repeated when the initial urine test is positive for drugs, including horse. If a second result have reach the cutoff value 2000 ng/ml means it is positive and the subject will be facing consequences, and none of them will be good.<br />
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ADVANTAGES<br />
<br />
• It has the highest assurance of reliable results<br />
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• It is least expensive<br />
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• On-site testing kits are available<br />
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• Acceptable in court to withstand legal challenge<br />
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DISADVANTAGES<br />
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• It is exposed to adulteration or substitution<br />
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• It is does not need dose-concentration relationship<br />
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• The test are sometimes viewed as psychologically invasive or embarrassing<br />
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• Biological hazard for specimen handling and shipping to laboratory<br />
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Window of detection: Typically 1 to 3 days, except for cannabis (1 day to 2 weeks)<br />
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Urine Drug Specimen Collection Procedure<br />
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1. The collector must wash hands and wears gloves.<br />
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2. The collector must add bluing agent (dye) to the toilet water reservoir to stop from an adulterated specimen.<br />
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3. The collector must removes any source of water other than toilet by applying a tape to the the toilet lid and faucet handles.<br />
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4. The donor must give photo identification from employer representative.<br />
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5. The collector should complete the step 1 of the chain of custody (COC) form and has the donor sign the form.<br />
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6. The donor leaves his or her bag or purse outside the collection area to avoid the contaminating the urine by the any substances.<br />
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7. The donor should washes his or her hands and receives a specimen cup.<br />
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8. The collector must observe for unauthorized water use. The collector must remains in the restroom but outside the stall, unless a witnessed collection is requested.<br />
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9. The donor hands specimen cup to the collector. Transfer is documented.<br />
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10. The collector checks the required amount volume, it should be 30–45 mL and for abnormal color of urine.<br />
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<br />
11. The collector must check the temperature strip on the specimen cup reads. It should be beyond 32.5C to37.7C. The collector records on the Chain of (Step 2) form, the in-range temperature of the specimen . If the specimen temperature is out of range this means the specimen is questionable to have been diluted or adulterated. A new specimen must be collected and a supervisor notified.<br />
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<br />
12. The specimen must remain in the sight by the donor and collector at all times.<br />
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<br />
13. The collector leave the specimen identification strips from the <br />
<br />
Chain of Custody form and attach them on the capped bottle, covering both sides of the cap.<br />
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14. The donor initials the specimen bottle seals.<br />
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15. The date and time are labelled on the seals.<br />
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16. The donor completes step 4 on the Chain of Custody form.<br />
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17. The collector completes step 5 on the Chain of Custody form.<br />
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18. Each time the specimen is handled, transferred, or placed in storage, every individual must <br />
<br />
be identified and the date and purpose of the change recorded.<br />
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19. The collector follows laboratory-specific instructions for packaging the specimen bottles <br />
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and laboratory copies of the Chain of Custody form.<br />
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20. The collector distributes the Chain of Custodycopies to appropriate personnel.<br />
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Urine Drug Test Kit for Heroin<br />
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Opiate (HEROINE, MORPHINE) Cassette Drug Urine Test Kit<br />
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It is simple, accurate and reliable. All tests are CE Marked and FDA Approved, with an accuracy level of 99%. It is easy to follow instructions.<br />
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PRINCIPLE OF THE TEST<br />
The test is a competitive binding immunoassay in which drug and drug metabolites in a urine sample compete with immobilized drug conjugate for limited labeled antibody binding sites. By utilizing antibodies that are specific to different drug classes, the test permits independent, simultaneous detection of two drugs from a single sample. The approximate run time is 5 minutes. It's cutoff value is 2000 nanograms per milliliter.Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-3851279371677456532014-05-11T16:27:00.000-07:002014-05-20T04:16:41.915-07:00International Statistics<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><img src="http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/world-physical-map.gif" height="461" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">It was estimated
13.5 million people in the world use opioids including 9.2 million who use it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 2007, Afghanistan
was estimated 93% of the world’s opium supply. Opium is the raw material for
heroin supply. It’s has a total export value of $4 billion. Traffickers
received the three quarter and about quarter to afghan opium farmer..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The National
Survey on Drug Use and Health (2007) reported 153,000 current heroin users in
the US in 2007. Other estimates give figures as high as 900,000.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">According to a
2008 report from the European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction
opiates, basically heroin, were involved in four of every five drug-related
deaths in Europe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">About 18% of the
admissions for drug and alcohol treatment in the US were opiates and basically
heroin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="icapmyscars">S</span>ome children smoke cigarettes and drink alcohol when
still very young. By the time they graduate from high school. Some later move on to more addictive substances.</span></div>
<div class="common-bodywhite" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">We cannot
assume that all children who smoke marijuana today will become heroin addicts
tomorrow. But the danger does exist. And long-term studies of high school
students show that few young people use other drugs without first having tried
marijuana. Once a person can no longer get the initial “rush” he seeks, he
begins to increase drug consumption or to look for something stronger.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">According to
the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2007) at the aged of 12 to 17 in
the US were 9.5% were current illegal drug users. The National Center on
Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (2008) reported that college
student of marijuana use had doubled and as also of the use of cocaine and
heroin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In 2008, according
to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, an estimated 16 million people worldwide
used opiates opium, morphine, heroin and synthetic opiates.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Today,
12 years old could be already a young addict. They could be appear smart because
they use needle marks on their arms to bear heroin use. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Heroin today is
more tempting because it is more affordable and easier to consume. The number
of teenagers in America between 1995 and 2002 usually at aged 12 to 17, where
already using heroin at some point in their lives increased by 300%. </span></div>
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Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-36643007301416084862014-05-11T16:26:00.000-07:002014-05-20T04:16:41.913-07:00The Effects of Heroin<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMDQifq27sFacKKDHHS6NXOxjWhU82xAzQSzrkIPMeY3jEgGSqVqHBMAXvBMRguLxZ38twDXxbLashvD334suBYSffganBJkmAuozMYeFz3CCQxQZ424vhoHJ_B_V640QBAHLcCk0O2GY/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMDQifq27sFacKKDHHS6NXOxjWhU82xAzQSzrkIPMeY3jEgGSqVqHBMAXvBMRguLxZ38twDXxbLashvD334suBYSffganBJkmAuozMYeFz3CCQxQZ424vhoHJ_B_V640QBAHLcCk0O2GY/s1600/images.jpg" height="224" width="400" /></a></div>
The effects of an opioid drug such as Heroin are very dependable on persons who are taking it. The state of well-being, the amount of drugs or the frequency of use, and the size and weight of a person are some of the factors being considered to be able to determine that the person might be an heroin abuser. As one taking in Heroin some of the following signs and symptoms may be observed after or during intake. The effect of the drug in the body depends on how it was taken in. Injecting intravenous may effect the fastest and smoking may take some time and it lasts in the body for approximately 3-5 days. Shortness of breath, drying of mouth, constricted pupils, sudden change in behavior-- may it be mentally and especially socially -- and of decline personal care and confidence, inappropriate hyperactiveness, and feeling fidgety during conversations are some of the visible characteristics an heroin user may possess. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYePTIlwrBdiYgUryUXZpxZl49VqseVnDaPfxmsidpz1CWKXyP2ILQyeix3jK9AVoSm4HDX-hZcoxQQbQVUIJbBcEDtkB5n5Qu5UuAdKe7rtIwx7zQF5FJ0Eaaz8tpql_cD66kCJtM3PU/s1600/imagescc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYePTIlwrBdiYgUryUXZpxZl49VqseVnDaPfxmsidpz1CWKXyP2ILQyeix3jK9AVoSm4HDX-hZcoxQQbQVUIJbBcEDtkB5n5Qu5UuAdKe7rtIwx7zQF5FJ0Eaaz8tpql_cD66kCJtM3PU/s1600/imagescc.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b>For long-termed Heroin users: </b></div>
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Addiction for one is an indicative that Heroin abuse is prolonged. Excessive use of drugs may lead to tolerance and can lead to physical dependence and mental change-- hormonal and neuronal imbalance. Due to this addiction, intrapersonal and interpersonal relationships fall apart and rather acquisition of the drug becomes the main goal of living. </div>
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Injecting Heroin often results to brusing, collapsed veins, infections, arthritis and infectious, needle-acquired diseases like AIDS. This is due to the urgency to feel the effect of the drug since injection of drug intravenously can give a faster effect than the other methods. </div>
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Other long-term effects of Heroin include the following</div>
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- bad and weakening of teeth and inflammed gums</div>
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- immune system is weakened</div>
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- coma</div>
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- respiratory problems</div>
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- disturbance in menstruation in women</div>
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- decrease intellectual ability and performance</div>
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- depression</div>
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- uneasiness</div>
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- partial paralysis</div>
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For Heroin-abusers who are pregnant:</div>
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Usage of Heroin during pregnancy can also cause dilemma to the fetus. It results to the so called Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome or NAS. This occurs when the drug passes through the placenta which will cause the baby to become dependent to the mother. Symptoms may include prolonged or non-stop crying, high fever, malaise, diarrhea, vomitting, seizures and possibly death if not treated immediately. Treatment for this includes intensive prenatal care, hospitalization and appropriate medications until the baby becomes opioid-free. </div>
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<br />Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-73106751532276540932014-05-11T16:22:00.000-07:002014-05-20T07:04:04.850-07:00Heroin: What is it?<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.heroinaddiction.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/about-heroin-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.heroinaddiction.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/about-heroin-2.jpg" height="260" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stre</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">et
names/other names</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: Big H, Blacktar, Brown sugar, Dope,
Horse, Junk, Muc, Skag, Smac, Caballo (Spanish), TNT, 8-ball (heroin mixed with
cracked cocaine)</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HISTORY</span></b><br />
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<a href="http://opioids.com/heroin/bayerheroin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://opioids.com/heroin/bayerheroin.jpg" height="284" width="320" /></a></div>
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<img src="http://wwwappskc.lonestar.edu/popculture/images/Heroin.jpg" height="252" width="320" /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1898, Heinrick
Dresser, a worker of the Bayer Laboratory, developed diacetylmorphine in search
of a non-addictive substitute for morphine. This drug was manufactured by the
Bayer German Pharmaceutical Company. It was marketed under the trademark name <b>Heroin</b> which was then used to treat
tuberculosis and morphine addiction.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Cycle:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Opium addiction was a
major problem in the U.S. during the 1850s. A less potent and supposedly
non-addictive substitute (morphine) was provided to solve this problem but morphine
addiction eventually became a bigger predicament. In order to resolve this,
another non-addictive substitute (heroin) was introduced. However, it was
proven that it was more addictive than morphine which was why another
supposedly non-addictive substitute (methadone) was given to treat heroin
addicts. Unfortunately, this drug was proven to be more addictive than heroin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WHAT IS IT?</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">Heroin is a highly addictive drug derived from morphine, an opiate extracted from poppy. It is a downer/depressant which affects the brain’s pleasure system, interfering with its ability to perceive pain. It belongs to the narcotics – a group of pain-relieving drugs. Certain narcotics are legal if prescribed by doctors. Heroin, however, is illegal because of its adverse effects on the user and it is very addictive.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?</span></b><br />
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<img src="http://dudswell.net/allotment/July/Jul_OpiumPoppyP1020168_Medium.jpg" height="200" width="163" /><img src="http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/opilag1b.jpg" height="200" width="151" /><img src="http://www.opioids.com/jh/papaver.jpg" height="201" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Heroin is made from the
resin of poppy plants. First, milky sap-like opium is removed from the pod of
the flower and is then refined to make morphine. This is further refined into
different forms of heroin.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><img src="http://www.fronterasdesk.org/sites/default/files/field/image/2013/11/heroin_powder.jpg" height="248" width="400" /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usually, heroin looks
like a white to dark brown powder or a black sticky substance (black tar
heroin) but in its purest form, it appears to be a fine, white powder. The
color comes from the additives such as sugar and caffeine that are used to
dilute it. These additives do not fully dissolve which causes the clogging of
blood vessels when injected.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">STREET HEROIN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Street heroin varies in
color due to the substances mixed with it. Usually, a bag contains 100 mg of
powder which ranges from about 1-98% heroin. Additives such as sugar, starch
and powdered milk are mixed with heroin to cut/dilute it so that the dealer
will earn more money selling it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another form is the
black tar heroin which is either sticky or formed in large clumps like coal and
contains about 20-80% heroin. It also contains impurities and additives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The heroin sold at the
streets is stronger and more dangerous making the users at higher risk of
overdose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HOW IS IT USED?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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T<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">here are three routes
of heroin administration which rapidly delivers the drug to the brain –
injection, inhalation and smoking.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The most effective form
of consumption is injection. Heroin is dissolved by mixing it with water (or
any additive) and heated. When it boils, it is drawn into a hypodermic needle.
“Skin popping” is the process wherein the solution is injected just below the
skin and “Mainlining” is the process of injection into the vein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2219937391025476760.post-79348214156321708502014-05-10T01:57:00.000-07:002014-05-20T22:01:19.944-07:00[Watch Video] Heroin: The Drug Devil Documentary<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/bhzBnlbJ5s4?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br />
Franco-Gonzales-Villanuevahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10118609000510214121noreply@blogger.com0